海湾地区无家可归

如今，旧金山湾区的无家可归者人数更多, 更少的庇护, 而且增长速度比以往任何时候都要快. 2017年至2020年, 湾区无家可归的人口增加了6人,878人，总共35人,占美国总增长的四分之一以上.S. 无家可归的人口. 在这段时间里, the share of the Bay Area’s 无家可归的人口 without access to basic 避难所 increased from 67 percent to 73 percent, 美国最高的比率.S. Amidst a growing body of research showing the devastating health and safety consequences of homelessness, 尤其是un避难所ed无家可归, the COVID-19 pandemic and recession has added new urgency to stabilize and resolve the Bay Area’s homelessness crisis.

The Bay Area’s high rate of homelessness is inextricably tied to its 住房 shortage. 2011年至2017年, 湾区创建了531个,400个新职位，但只批准了123个,801个新住宅单位, 4的比率.每单位住房3个工作岗位，远高于1个.5 .美国农业部建议的比例.S. 环境保护署(EPA)，以避免流离失所和拥挤. 由此造成的短缺加剧了对可用住房的竞争，并使该地区的住房市场超出了越来越多的家庭所能承受的范围. 从2012年到2017年，湾区那些收入低于该地区收入中值100%的家庭负担得起的出租公寓存量在2012年到2017年间下降了24%, 该地区输了5场,000 units of 住房 affordable for households earning below 30 percent of area median income.

在美国.S., 高租金与高无家可归率密切相关，因为高成本将更多处于边缘的家庭推向街头.

The 住房 shortage also contributes to homelessness by increasing land and construction costs, 这使得解决无家可归问题的方法更加昂贵. In 2018, the average unit of new or rehabilitated affordable 住房 in the Bay Area cost over $529,000. 在旧金山，一套补贴的经济适用房售价为73万美元. High prices make traditional interventions extremely expensive and difficult to scale. 使用传统施工方法, a new or rehabilitated unit of 永久住房 for every Bay Area homeless resident would cost nearly $17 billion. 与此同时, most of the Bay Area has been defunding emergency 避难所s to increase 永久住房 production (FIGURE 15). While this reprioritization is consistent with national trends and numerous studies on the long-term effectiveness of 永久住房, the high-cost Bay Area has been unable to scale 永久住房 faster than the rate at which residents are becoming homeless. The result has been the de facto ware住房 of increasing numbers of homeless residents on Bay Area streets, 汽车. and RVs along with the intraregional shifting of 避难所 burden to the City of San Francisco, 它是湾区唯一一个在过去10年增加住房存量的县，尽管它提供的人均永久住房和住房数量远远超过其他湾区县.

旧金山湾区之所以能走到今天这一步，是因为各级政府在住房和无家可归政策上的失败. 美国.S. government provides approximately one-third the level of support for affordable 住房 as it did in the 1960s. 加利福尼亚州没有为那些最有可能无家可归的家庭充分优先考虑经济适用房项目, 它在该州41个不同的反无家可归项目上缺乏协调. Local governments still have far too many powers to block 住房 construction: Between 1999 and 2023, 湾区将建成97座,保障性住房比国家推荐的少了000个单位(图9), and communities routinely find ways to avoid providing homeless individuals with 避难所 and 住房. 面对超过100个,000名无家可归的居民, 旧金山湾区(Bay Area)及其他地区的加州城市正在努力应对一个不断变化、往往相互矛盾的法律环境，即如何管理无家可归的居民对公共空间的实际私有化.

旧金山湾区和加州其他地方日益严重的无家可归危机，导致人们重新对庇护命令政策产生兴趣，比如纽约市的那些政策, 麻萨诸塞州, 以及哥伦比亚特区. Creating a 避难所 mandate for the Bay Area would require state legislation to design a mandate, 建立一个执行机构, 制定筹资机制, 并赢得至少三分之二湾区选民的支持. 如果授权提案能够通过这条道路上无数的否决点, 包括攻击命令以牺牲永久住房为代价, 美国其他强制收容辖区的经验.S. strongly suggest a regional mandate could dramatically reduce un避难所ed homelessness in the Bay Area. 我们估计，使用舱室社区模式的区域庇护所的一次性资本支出约为2.45亿美元，服务和管理的年度支出约为4.81亿美元.

然而, 在庇护命令下，湾区的庇护系统将稳步增加规模和成本，除非该地区采取额外的措施，从一开始就防止无家可归的发生, and to expand its inventory of 永久住房 to create exits from the 避难所 system. 而纽约市式的庇护命令将通过提供基本的卫生服务来改善旧金山湾区无家可归者的生活条件, 旧金山湾区有机会, 由于缺乏住房和各种类型的住房产品, 以改进纽约市和其他地方的现有模式. 我们估计一次性资本支出约为90亿美元，2美元.5 billion in annual spending on services and management will right-size the Bay Area’s inventory of 避难所, 住房, 和预防服务(图22).

The Bay Area’s homelessness crisis was created by policy failures at all levels of government; interventions at all levels of government are needed to solve it. 而不是寻求庇护授权, 湾区应利用现有但尚未使用的工具，筹集100亿美元的区域新收入，以扩大其紧急庇护所和永久住房的库存. The region should pair this investment with new additional state and federal support for affordable 住房 and homelessness prevention, 尤其是通过像Project Homekey和Section 8这样经过验证的项目. These investments should be paired with state policy reforms to boost 住房 production and reduce pressure on low-income renters, 并减少当地电力，停止住房生产. 虽然旧金山湾区是一个富裕的地区，但它本身并不能解决无家可归的问题.

建议:

$20 billion state investment to extend Project Homekey and help regions scale inventories of 避难所s, 住房, 和预防计划.
不到一年, California’s Project Homekey has produced the single largest expansion of homeless 住房 in California history. California should dedicate at least $20 billion of its record $76 billion FY 2021-2022 budget surplus to expand Project Homekey, 一次性投资于无家可归者服务的资本化运营储备, 并帮助地方政府合理安排应急避难所的数量, 永久住房, 和预防服务.

100亿美元，利用湾区地区住房金融管理局扩大区域经济适用房和紧急庇护所.
一项地区100亿美元的BAHFA措施可以通过提供至多2亿美元来扩大地区庇护所，解决住房不安全范围内的住房需求, 还有至少50亿美元用于极端低收入人群的生产, 往往收入偏低, 和保障性住房.

国家政策的改变，以增加供给，减少租房者的压力(和成本)
High rates of homelessness strongly correlate with expensive rental markets across the U.S.而昂贵的租赁市场则是市场短缺的一个症状. 为无家可归者收容所和住房提供额外资金的同时，还必须改变政策，允许湾区大幅增加住房生产，以减轻租赁市场的压力，降低成本. 而国家政策要求湾区建设441号,176 new 住房 units over the next seven years through the Regional Housing Needs Allocation (RHNA), 生产受到当地反住房法规的阻碍. California should pass current legislative proposals to allow duplexes on single-family lots (SB 9, Atkins); eliminate barriers to building small apartments in areas where they’re currently zoned; allow cities to up-zone areas around transit and employment centers (SB 10, Wiener); guarantee loans to homeowners to install accessory dwelling units (AB 561, Ting); and make it easier for developers to convert empty strip malls and big box stores into affordable 住房 (SB 6, Caballero).

减少当地修建和扩建避难所的障碍
Recently passed state laws have allowed willing cities to expand 避难所 inventories more expeditiously. 然而, cities that do not want 避难所s within their jurisdictions are under no obligation to build them, 而且还能阻止第三方的努力, 包括非营利组织或国家, 开放和管理庇护所. California should declare that any city whose 无家可归的人口 is over 10 percent un避难所ed to be in a state of Shelter Crisis, 由第三方在这些城市内提出的庇护所应“按权利”予以批准，前提是它们满足某些健康和安全要求.

将有限的补贴集中在住房负担最重的人群身上
国家和地方住房政策应侧重于通过增加供应，使中等收入住房负担得起，并将稀缺的公共资金用于补贴市场发展无法提供的深度负担得起的住房产品. Eighty-eight percent of extremely-low-income Bay Area residents are severely rent burdened, 这意味着他们将超过50%的收入用于住房. 加州应确保至少20%的经济适用房税收抵免资金用于为收入低于该地区收入中值30%的家庭生产住房, 收入低于该地区中位数收入50%的家庭则为20%.

全额基金第8组
即使增加了地区资金, the Bay Area will be unable to solve homelessness without additional federal support. 然而今天，美国的经济却在衰退.S. government spends approximately one-third the level of support for affordable 住房 as it did in the 1960s. 对于联邦政府来说，减少旧金山湾区和全国无家可归现象的最直接的方法是全额资助第8条住房券，这样所有符合条件的美国人(收入低于该地区中等收入50%的家庭)都可以开始领取住房券. 今天, 1600万有资格获得第8条住房券的美国人, 国会只拨款500万美元.

创新的国家和地方方法的土地使用监管 & 执行
Existing law and planning codes did not anticipate the de facto privatization of public spaces by tens of thousands of individuals, for whom federal courts have recently upheld a Constitutional right to sleep and live somewhere when they lack any access to 住房, 避难所, 或是属于自己的私人空间. 同时试图规范和管理这种迅速发展的局面, California cities may be held liable for damages caused by unsafe conditions at homeless encampments, 而且不仅要为试图改善居住在营地的无家可归居民的健康和安全标准或强制执行高影响地点的营地而承担损害赔偿责任. 因此，结果往往是瘫痪. 国家应该考虑扩大最近在建筑规范中创建的条款，以加快住房建设(AB 932)，为无家可归的个人和住在汽车和房车中的家庭创建和扩大批准的露营地和安全场所. 应鼓励城市在住房和执法方面尝试创新方法，以帮助澄清马丁v. 博伊西.